Turkey
CLIMATE


Climate in the coastal regions is mild, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters; in the northern Turkey – Black Sea climate with more rainfall and colder winters; in the central part of the country – continental climate with long, cold winters and short, hot summers.




Temperatures

The average monthly temperatures in winter: from 5ºC in the mountains to 7ºC in the coastal areas. The average monthly temperatures in summer: from 12ºC in the mountains to 27ºC in the coastal areas. The average water temperature: 9ºC in winter and 22ºC in summer.


Precipitation

Annual total precipitation: 400–550 mm in the central part of Turkey, 3 000 mm in the mountains.


Istanbul

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Day temperature [°C]

9

9

12

17

21

26

28

28

25

20

15

11

Night temperature [°C]

3

3

4

8

12

16

18

18

15

12

8

5

Water temperature [°C]

8

8

9

11

15

20

23

24

22

20

16

12

Hours of sunlight

3

3

4

6

9

11

12

11

8

6

4

3



Elevation extremes

Highest point: Mount Ararat 5 166 m
Lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m


Natural resources

barite, clay, coal, chromium, copper, gold, iron, limestone, magnesite, marble, pyrites


Land use

Arable land: 29,81%
Permanent crops: 3,39%
Other: 66,8%


Natural hazards

earthquakes


Environmental issues

air and water pollution, deforestation, oil spills